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It was the first-ever scientific prediction of a glacial calamity. Following several surveys of Medvezhiy, it was possible to predict the time and scale of the next surge, which happened in the summer of 1973. Starting in 1963, a special expedition regularly explored the glacier, recording thorough observations which formed the basis for predicting the next surge. Medvezhiy's surge lent impetus to a study of surging glaciers in the former Soviet Union. The lake's pressure eventually fractured the ice coffer dam and soon water flooded the Vanch River at 1000 cubic metres per second, ferrying large chunks of ice and stone. Within a month, Medvezhiy's tongue measured almost 2 kilometres (km) as it split a valley into two, forming an 8-metre-deep lake.

But in April 1963, its velocity suddenly shot up by a hundredfold, and it surged down the valley at 100 metres a day. The glacier's usual velocity had been 200-400 metres per year, no more than 1 metre per day. For instance, in 1963, the glacier Medvezhiy, 'awoke' and surged down the western slope of the Academia Nauk mountain range, the highest of the Pamirs in Central Asia. On occasion, individual glaciers advance quickly against a general shortening of glaciation - the term for a glacier's growth and maturity.

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However, the slow rise in sea levels caused by thermal expansion of oceanic water and by the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and other polar and mountain glaciers is of great importance to coastal populations.ДЄgainst this background of climate change, I will try to explain how glaciers become unstable, or surge into surrounding areas threatening human populations, and how to monitor against such surges. And studies of the Antarctic ice sheet over the past 50 years show that, not withstanding measurement errors, the ice mass did not diminish, which demonstrates its stability.

Undoubtedly, this warming is one of the factors for faster melting of mountain glaciers and ice sheets, with the exception of the Antarctic ice sheet that stores about 90 per cent of global ice. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment reports verify that surface air temperatures are rising. Global warming has caused serious concern and has been the subject of discussions amongst scientists and decision makers. Although mountain glaciers sporadically advanced in the 1920s and 1960s, these cold periods were short and limited in scope and, by 2000, the steady rise in temperature became global. Glaciers retreated in mountains almost everywhere: By 1950, glacier area shrunk by 25 per cent in Switzerland and by 15 per cent in the Caucasus. In the decade starting 1920, average annual temperatures in the Arctic had risen by 2В° to 4вЊ, along with frequent cyclonic activity in the northern latitudes. The cold epoch ended in the middle of the nineteenth century and the climate began to warm in the last century and a half, quicker in the first half especially in the Polar regions. One can see frozen channels and snow-covered Holland in the paintings of famous Flemish artists. In the seventeenth century, severe and long-standing winters, known as the Little Ice Age, recurred in the south of Europe. Max may have this information.The Earth's climate undergoes fluctuations and for the past thousand years has experienced periods of warming and cooling. Note: There is a new graphic to replace this one.